K/$\pi$ (top) and p/$\pi$ (bottom) $\pt$-integrated ratios as a function of $\avdndeta$ measured in pp, p--Pb, and Pb--Pb collisions at different center-of-mass energies . Empty boxes represent the total systematic uncertainties and bars indicate the statistical ones. Colored lines represent the predictions from different tunes of PYTHIA 8 and EPOS4 for pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV.